Jetpack Composeのテキストフィールドのキーボードのタイプを指定するには、
TextField関数の引数keyboardOptionsにキーボードのタイプを指定します。

TextField(
    keyboardOptions = KeyboardOptions.Default.copy(keyboardType = KeyboardType.Phone)
)

サンプル

class MainActivity : ComponentActivity() {
    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        setContent {
            MainContent()
        }
    }
}

@Composable
fun MainContent() {
    Column {
        TextField(value = "", onValueChange = {}, label={Text("Text")}, keyboardOptions = KeyboardOptions.Default.copy(keyboardType = KeyboardType.Text))
        TextField(value = "", onValueChange = {}, label={Text("Ascii")}, keyboardOptions = KeyboardOptions.Default.copy(keyboardType = KeyboardType.Ascii))
        TextField(value = "", onValueChange = {}, label={Text("Number")}, keyboardOptions = KeyboardOptions.Default.copy(keyboardType = KeyboardType.Number))
        TextField(value = "", onValueChange = {}, label={Text("Phone")}, keyboardOptions = KeyboardOptions.Default.copy(keyboardType = KeyboardType.Phone))
        TextField(value = "", onValueChange = {}, label={Text("Uri")}, keyboardOptions = KeyboardOptions.Default.copy(keyboardType = KeyboardType.Uri))
        TextField(value = "", onValueChange = {}, label={Text("Email")}, keyboardOptions = KeyboardOptions.Default.copy(keyboardType = KeyboardType.Email))
        TextField(value = "", onValueChange = {}, label={Text("Password")}, keyboardOptions = KeyboardOptions.Default.copy(keyboardType = KeyboardType.Password))
        TextField(value = "", onValueChange = {}, label={Text("NumberPassword")}, keyboardOptions = KeyboardOptions.Default.copy(keyboardType = KeyboardType.NumberPassword))
    }
}